Panax ginseng as an adjuvant treatment for Alzheimer’s disease
김현중, 정석원, 조익현, 김형춘, 임혜원, 김만호, 나승열,
소속 상세정보
김현중 ( Kim Hyeon-Joong )
Konkuk University College of Veterinary Medicine Department of Physiology
정석원 ( Jung Seok-Won )
Konkuk University College of Veterinary Medicine Department of Physiology
조익현 ( Cho Ik-Hyun )
Kyung Hee University College of Korean Medicine Department of Convergence Medical Science
김형춘 ( Kim Hyoung-Chun )
Kangwon National University College of Pharmacy Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program
임혜원 ( Rhim Hye-Whon )
Korea Institute of Science and Technology Center for Neuroscience
김만호 ( Kim Man-Ho )
Seoul National University Hospital Department of Neurology
나승열 ( Nah Seung-Yeol )
Konkuk University College of Veterinary Medicine Department of Physiology
Abstract
Longevity in medicine can be defined as a long life without mental or physical deficits. This can be prevented by Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Current conventional AD treatments only alleviate the symptoms without reversing AD progression. Recent studies demonstrated that Panax ginseng extract improves AD symptoms in patients with AD, and the two main components of ginseng might contribute to AD amelioration. Ginsenosides show various AD-related neuroprotective effects. Gintonin is a newly identified ginseng constituent that contains lysophosphatidic acids and attenuates AD-related brain neuropathies. Ginsenosides decrease amyloid b-protein (Ab) formation by inhibiting b- and g-secretase activity or by activating the nonamyloidogenic pathway, inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity and Abinduced neurotoxicity, and decrease Ab-induced production of reactive oxygen species and neuroinflammatory reactions. Oral administration of ginsenosides increases the expression levels of enzymes involved in acetylcholine synthesis in the brain and alleviates Ab-induced cholinergic deficits in AD models. Similarly, gintonin inhibits Ab-induced neurotoxicity and activates the nonamyloidogenic pathway to reduce Ab formation and to increase acetylcholine and choline acetyltransferase expression in the brain through lysophosphatidic acid receptors. Oral administration of gintonin attenuates brain amyloid plaque deposits, boosting hippocampal cholinergic systems and neurogenesis, thereby ameliorating learning and memory impairments. It also improves cognitive functions in patients with AD. Ginsenosides and gintonin attenuate AD-related neuropathology through multiple routes. This review focuses research demonstrating that ginseng constituents could be a candidate as an adjuvant for AD treatment. However, clinical investigations including efficacy and tolerability analyses may be necessary for the clinical acceptance of ginseng components in combination with conventional AD drugs.
키워드
Adjuvant; Alzheimer’s disease; Ginsenoside; Gintonin; Panax ginseng
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