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·ù¸¶Æ¼½º °üÀý¿° Ä¡·á ½Ã ºñ½ºÅ×·ÎÀ̵强 ¼Ò¿°Á¦ ´Üµ¶, À§Àå°ü ºÎÀÛ¿ë ¿¹¹æ ¾àÁ¦ º´¿ë Åõ¿© ¹× COX-2 ƯÀÌ ¾ïÁ¦Á¦ »ç¿ëÀÇ Çѱ¹ ºñ¿ë-È¿°ú ºÐ¼® Korean cost-effectiveness analysis of NSAIDs, NSAIDs with co-treatments to prevent gastrointestinal toxicity, and COX-2 specific inhibitors in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis

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À±Çü¶õ, Hauschka, Peter V., ¹è»óö, ±è¼ºÀ±,
¼Ò¼Ó »ó¼¼Á¤º¸
À±Çü¶õ (  ) 
ÇѾç´ëÇб³ ÀÇ°ú´ëÇÐ ³»°úÇб³½Ç

 ( Hauschka, Peter V. ) 
Kiel Christain-Albrechts´ëÇÐ ³»°úÇб³½Ç
¹è»óö (  ) 
ÇѾç´ëÇб³ ÀÇ°ú´ëÇÐ ³»°úÇб³½Ç
±è¼ºÀ± (  ) 
ÇѾç´ëÇб³ ÀÇ°ú´ëÇÐ ³»°úÇб³½Ç

Abstract

¸ñÀû : ºñ½ºÅ×·ÎÀ̵强 ¼Ò¿°Á¦´Â ·ù¸¶Æ¼½º °üÀý¿° ȯÀÚ¿¡¼­ °üÀýÀÇ ÅëÁõ°ú ºÎÁ¾ÀÇ °¨¼Ò¸¦ À§ÇØ »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖÀ¸³ª cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 ¾ïÁ¦¿¡ ÀÇÇØ À§Àå°ü ºÎÀÛ¿ëÀ» ÃÊ·¡ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ºÎÀÛ¿ëÀ» ÁÙÀ̱â À§ÇØ misoprostolÀ̳ª proton pump inhibitor (PPI)ÀÇ º´¿ë,
COX-2
ƯÀÌ ¾ïÁ¦Á¦ µîÀÌ »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖÀ¸³ª ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºñ¿ë-È¿°ú ºÐ¼®ÀÌ ¾ø´Â ½ÇÁ¤ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ¿¡ ÀúÀÚµéÀº Çѱ¹¿¡¼­ ·ù¸¶Æ¼½º °üÀý¿° Ä¡·á ½Ã ºñ½ºÅ×·ÎÀ̵强 ¼Ò¿°Á¦ ´Üµ¶, À§Àå°ü ºÎÀÛ¿ë ¿¹¹æ ¾àÁ¦ º´¿ë Åõ¿© ¹× COX-2 ƯÀÌ ¾ïÁ¦Á¦ »ç¿ëÀÌ ºñ¿ë°ú °Ç°­¿¡ ¹ÌÄ¡´Â È¿°ú¸¦
ºÐ¼®ÇÏ¿´°í,
À̸¦
¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ºñ¿ë-È¿°ú ºÐ¼® °á°ú¿Í ºñ±³ÇÏ¿´´Ù.
¹æ¹ý : Markov (state transition) ¸ðµ¨À» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© 2.5:1ÀÇ ¿©ÀÚ:³²ÀÚ ºñ¸¦ °¡Áö´Â 50¼¼ÀÇ ·ù¸¶Æ¼½º °üÀý¿° ÄÚȣƮ¿¡¼­ Ç×·ù¸¶Æ¼½º ¾àÁ¦, Àú¿ë·®ÀÇ ½ºÅ×·ÎÀ̵å¿Í ÇÔ²² 1) ºñ½ºÅ×·ÎÀ̵强 ¼Ò¿°Á¦ ´Üµ¶, 2) ºñ½ºÅ×·ÎÀ̵强 ¼Ò¿°Á¦, misoprostol º´¿ë, 3)
ºñ½ºÅ×·ÎÀ̵强
¼Ò¿°Á¦, PPI º´¿ë, 4) COX-2 ƯÀÌ ¾ïÁ¦Á¦ Åõ¿© µî 4°¡Áö Ä¡·á ¹æ¹ýÀÌ ·ù¸¶Æ¼½º °üÀý¿° Ä¡·á ½Ã ºñ¿ë°ú °Ç°­¿¡ ¹ÌÄ¡´Â È¿°ú¸¦ ºñ±³ÇÏ¿´´Ù. Markov stateÀÇ °á°ú (outcome)´Â ºñ½ºÅ×·ÎÀ̵强 ¼Ò¿°Á¦¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¼ÒÈ­ºÒ·®, À§Àå°ü ºÎÀÛ¿ë (±Ë¾ç°ú ¹Ì¶õ, ÃâÇ÷, õ°ø, À§
Ãⱸ
Æó»ö
µî), °£ ºÎÀü, ½Å ºÎÀü°ú »ç¸ÁÀ¸·Î ÇÏ¿´°í, ¸ðµ¨¿¡¼­ »ç¿ëÇÑ ÀÚ·á´Â 1966³âºÎÅÍ 2000³â±îÁöÀÇ MedlineÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ ÀÇÇÐ ¹®ÇåÀÇ ¸é¹ÐÇÑ °ËÅä¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÏ¿´´Ù. Çѱ¹¿¡¼­ ºñ¿ëÀº ÇѾç´ëÇк´¿ø¿¡ °¢°¢ÀÇ Áúº´À¸·Î ³»¿øÇÑ È¯ÀÚÀÇ Áø·áºñ ¸í¼¼¼­¸¦ ±âÃÊ·Î »êÃâÇÏ¿´°í, ¹Ì±¹Àº
¹®Çå¿¡
Á¦½ÃµÈ ºñ¿ëÀ» Consumer Price IndexÀÇ ÀÇ·á ºÎ¹® ºñ¿ëÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© 1999³âµµ US ´Þ·¯·Î ȯ»êÇÏ¿´°í Á÷Á¢ ºñ¿ëÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿´´Ù. °Ç°­¿¡ ¹ÌÄ¡´Â ¿µÇâÀº Áúº¸Á¤¼ö¸í (QALYs, Quality-adjusted life years)À¸·Î Ç¥½ÃÇÏ¿´°í ÇÒÀÎÀ²Àº 3%¸¦ Àû¿ëÇÏ¿´´Ù. °¢ Ä¡·á ¹æ¹ýÀÇ
ºÎÀÛ¿ë
ºóµµÀÇ ¹üÀ§¿Í °¡°Ý, ÇÒÀÎÀ², ÀÇ·áºñ, È¿¿ë µî¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹Î°¨µµ ºÐ¼®À» ½ÃÇàÇÏ¿´´Ù.
°á°ú : 4°¡Áö Ä¡·á ¹æ¹ýÀÇ QALY´Â ºñ½ºÅ×·ÎÀ̵强 ¼Ò¿°Á¦ 11.45, misoprostol º´¿ë 11.54, PPI º´¿ë 11.66, COX-2 ƯÀÌ ¾ïÁ¦Á¦ 11.74¿´´Ù. ºñ¿ëÀº Çѱ¹ÀÇ °æ¿ì ºñ½ºÅ×·ÎÀ̵强 ¼Ò¿°Á¦ 17,569¡¿103¿ø (14,789´Þ·¯), misoprostol º´¿ë 21,379¡¿103¿ø (17,996´Þ·¯),
PPI
º´¿ë
25,456¡¿103¿ø (21,428´Þ·¯), COX-2 ƯÀÌ ¾ïÁ¦Á¦ 31,170¡¿103¿ø (26,237´Þ·¯)¿´°í, ¹Ì±¹Àº °¢°¢ 43,921´Þ·¯, 53,268´Þ·¯, 63,088´Þ·¯, 59,361´Þ·¯¿´´Ù. ±âº» ºÐ¼®¿¡¼­ Çѱ¹ÀÇ °æ¿ì, misoprostol º´¿ëÀÇ ºñ½ºÅ×·ÎÀ̵强 ¼Ò¿°Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºñ¿ë-È¿°ú Áõ°¡À²Àº PPI º´¿ëÀÇ
ºñ¿ë-È¿°ú Áõ°¡À²¿¡ ºñÇØ ¿ùµîÈ÷ ³ô¾Æ À¯¸®ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í (extended dominated), PPI º´¿ë°ú ºñ½ºÅ×·ÎÀ̵强 ¼Ò¿°Á¦ »çÀÌÀÇ ºñ¿ë-È¿°ú Áõ°¡À²Àº 38,068¡¿103¿ø/QALY (32,044´Þ·¯/QALY), COX-2 ƯÀÌ ¾ïÁ¦Á¦¿Í PPI º´¿ë »çÀÌÀÇ ºñ¿ë-È¿°ú Áõ°¡À²Àº 68,930¡¿103¿ø/QALY
(58,022´Þ·¯/QALY)·Î PPI º´¿ëÀÌ Çѱ¹ÀÇ Çö½Ç¿¡¼­ °¡Àå À¯¸®ÇÏ´Ù. ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ °æ¿ì, misoprostol º´¿ëÀÇ ºñ½ºÅ×·ÎÀ̵强 ¼Ò¿°Á¦ »çÀÌÀÇ ºñ¿ë-È¿°ú Áõ°¡À²Àº COX-2 ƯÀÌ ¾ïÁ¦Á¦ÀÇ ºñ¿ë-È¿
°ú Áõ°¡À²¿¡ ºñÇØ ¿ùµîÈ÷ ³ô¾Æ À¯¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í, PPI´Â COX-2 ƯÀÌ ¾ïÁ¦Á¦ º¸´Ù °¡°ÝÀº ºñ½Î³ª QALY°¡ ³·¾Æ À¯¸®ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù(dominated). COX-2 ƯÀÌ ¾ïÁ¦Á¦´Â ºñ½ºÅ×·ÎÀ̵强 ¼Ò¿°Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇØ 53,228´Þ·¯/QALYÀÇ ºñ¿ë-È¿°ú Áõ°¡À²À» º¸¿© ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ °æ¿ì º´¿ë¿ä¹ýº¸´Ù COX-2
ƯÀÌ
¾ïÁ¦Á¦°¡ °¡Àå À¯¸®ÇÏ´Ù. ¹Î°¨µµ ºÐ¼®¿¡¼­ Çѱ¹Àº ºñ½ºÅ×·ÎÀ̵强 ¼Ò¿°Á¦¿Í COX-2ÀÇ °¡°Ý, NSAID, misoprostol°ú PPIÀÇ ºÎÀÛ¿ë ºóµµ¿¡ µû¶ó Â÷À̸¦ º¸¿´°í, ¹Ì±¹Àº ºñ½ºÅ×·ÎÀ̵强 ¼Ò¿°Á¦ÀÇ °¡°Ý ¿Ü¿¡´Â ±âº» ºÐ¼®¿¡ ¿µÇâÀÌ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ Çѱ¹ÀÇ À§Àå°ü ºÎÀÛ¿ë Ä¡·á
ÀÇ·áºñ´Â ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ 11%·Î »ó´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ³·°Ô Ã¥Á¤µÇ¾î ÀÖ¾î Çѱ¹ÀÇ ºÎÀÛ¿ë Ä¡·á ÀÇ·áºñ°¡ 2¹è¿¡¼­ 9¹è±îÁö Áõ°¡ÇÒ °æ¿ì¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹Î°¨µµ ºÐ¼®À» ½ÃÇàÇÏ¿´À¸³ª ±âº» ºÐ¼®¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÖÁö ¸øÇß´Ù. ±× ¿Ü¿¡ COX-2ÀÇ ºÎÀÛ¿ë ºóµµ¿Í ¿¬·É, È¿¿ë, ÇÒÀÎÀ² µî¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹Î°¨µµ ºÐ¼®µµ
񃧯
ºÐ¼®¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÖÁö ¸øÇß´Ù.
°á·Ð : ·ù¸¶Æ¼½º °üÀý¿° Ä¡·á Áß ºñ½ºÅ×·ÎÀ̵强 ¼Ò¿°Á¦¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ À§Àå°ü ºÎÀÛ¿ë ¿¹¹æÀ» À§ÇÑ misoprostol º´¿ë, PPI º´¿ë, COX-2 ƯÀÌ ¾ïÁ¦Á¦ Áß Çѱ¹ÀÇ °æ¿ì´Â PPI º´¿ë, ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ °æ¿ì COX-2 ƯÀÌ ¾ïÁ¦Á¦ÀÇ »ç¿ëÀÌ °¡Àå À¯¸®ÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀ̾úÀ¸³ª, °¢°¢ 30,000°ú
50,000$/QALY
ÀÌ»óÀÇ ºñ¿ë-È¿°ú Áõ°¡À²À» º¸¿© ºñ¿ë-È¿°úÀûÀÎ ¸é¿¡¼­´Â ³í¶õÀÇ ¿©Áö°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ºñ½ºÅ×·ÎÀ̵强 ¼Ò¿°Á¦¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ À§Àå°ü ºÎÀÛ¿ëÀÇ À§ÇèÀÌ ³ôÀº ȯÀÚ±ºÀ̳ª ¹Î°¨µµ ºÐ¼®¿¡¼­ ³ªÅ¸³­ ¹Ù¿Í °°ÀÌ °í°¡ÀÇ ºñ½ºÅ×·ÎÀ̵强 ¼Ò¿°Á¦¸¦ »ç¿ëÇϴ ȯÀÚ¿¡¼­´Â COX-2 ƯÀÌ
¾ïÁ¦Á¦ÀÇ
»ç¿ëÀÌ À¯¸®ÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀÌ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. 1ȸ¿¡ 1Á¤À» º¹¿ëÇÏ´Â COX-2 ƯÀÌ ¾ïÁ¦Á¦¿¡ ºñÇØ º´¿ë¿ä¹ýÀº Àû¾îµµ 2Á¤ ÀÌ»óÀ» 1ȸ¿¡ º¹¿ëÇØ¾ß ÇϹǷΠÀÌ·Î ÀÎÇÑ È¿¿ëÀÇ °¨¼Òµµ °í·ÁÇÏ¿© ÇâÈÄ ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ãß°¡ ºÐ¼®ÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÒ °ÍÀ¸·Î »ç·áµÈ´Ù.

Background : Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used in nearly every patient with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) but their use can be associated with gastrointestinal (GI) side effects, which may be prevented with prophylactic
prescription of
misoprostol and omeprazole. Recently marketed COX-2 specific inhibitor (COX-2) affords protection against gastropathy. This study was performed to assess Korean cost-effectiveness of NSAIDs, NSAIDs with co-treatments to prevent GI toxicity, and
COX-2 in
the treatment of RA, and compare it with American cost-effectiveness analysis.
Methods : Markov (state-transition) models were used to simulate a cohort of RA patients with approximately 2.5:1 female to male ratio and 50 years, taking disease modifying antirheumatic drugs, low dose steroid (prednisone ¡Â10 mg/day) and one
of
the
following strategies: 1) NSAIDs without prophylaxis, 2) NSAIDs with misoprostol, 3) NSAIDs with proton pump inhibitor (PPI), or 4) COX-2. Data on incidence, USA cost and consequences of adverse events from treatments were taken from the
literature.
Treatment costs of adverse events in Korea were calculated based on each disease code. Health effects were expressed as quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Sensitivity analyses of probability of GI complication and cost were performed. Costs and
health
outcomes were discounted at a rate of 3% per year.
Results : Among the strategies to prevent GI toxicity, PPI was the most cost-effective strategy in Korea and COX-2 was in USA, respectively. The incremental C/E (cost/effectiveness) ratio between PPI and no prophylaxis was 38,068¡¿103£Ü/QALY
(32,044$/QALY) in Korea. The incremental
C/E ratio between COX-2 and no prophylaxis was 53,228$/QALY in USA. The base case analysis results were sensitive to cost of NSAIDs and COX-2 in Korea, and cost of NSAIDs in USA, respectively, and adverse event rates of NSAIDs, misoprostol, and
PPI
in
Korea. The medical cost of NSAID side effects in Korea is 11% of USA, but the sensitivity analyses varying medical costs were robust. The sensitivity analyses using age, discount rate and utility were robust.
Conclusions : Although PPI in Korea and COX-2 in USA are the best option among the strategies to prevent GI toxicity, the incremental C/E ratios between PPI versus no prophylaxis in Korea and COX-2 versus no prophylaxis in USA are over 30,000 and
50,000$/QALY, respectively. However, it appears that the prescription of COX-2 in the group of higher cost NSAIDs users in Korea was the best option.

Å°¿öµå

Cost-effectiveness Analysis; NSAIDs; Misoprostol; PPI; Cox-2; Arthritis; Rheumatoid;

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KCI
KoreaMed
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